Co-pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge with oak bark and hemp hurd to tailor biochar stability, carbon sequestration and heavy metal immobilization. (2026)

Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) pyrolysis is constrained by low carbon stability and high heavy metal (HM) content. This study examined whether co-pyrolysis with two underexplored lignocellulosic residues, oak bark (OB) and hemp hurd (HH), could enhance biochar properties relevant to carbon sequestrat