A Comprehensive Review of Non-Destructive Monitoring of Food Freshness and Safety Using NIR Spectroscopy and Biosensors: Challenges and Opportunities (2025)

The demand for safe, high-quality, and minimally processed food has intensified interest in non-destructive analytical techniques capable of assessing freshness and safety in real time. Among these, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and biosensors have emerged as leading technologies due to their rap