Conversion of waste from the vegetable oil industry into efficient adsorbents for dye removal: thermo-chemical modification of hydrochar with green modifiers, adsorption kinetics and mechanisms (2026)

Abstract The discharge of synthetic dyes into aquatic environments poses a significant environmental threat. Waste from the vegetable oil industry, such as hemp oil cake, offers a low-cost feedstock for the production of carbonaceous adsorbents for water purification due to its high carbon content a